gear technology - cycloid

The word Cycloid, with its adjective Cycloidal, is derived fromHypocycloid which describes the curve traced by a point on the circumference of a smaller circle rotating inside the circumference of a larger fixed circle

GEAR RATIO CALCULATION

The reduction rate of the cycloidal drive is obtained from the following formula, where P means the number of the ring gear pins and L is the number of pins on the cycloidal disc.

Ratio = (P - L) / L

Where P = Number of ring gear pins/rollers
             L = Number of lobes on a cycloidal disc

The method of operation is just like this :

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belt drive technology - basic belt types

A belt is a loop of flexible material used to link two or more rotating shafts mechanically. Belts may be used as a source of motion, to transmit powerefficiently, or to track relative movement. Belts are looped over pulleys. In a two pulley system, the belt can either drive the pulleys in the same direction, or the belt may be crossed, so that the direction of the shafts is opposite. As a source of motion, a conveyor belt is one application where the belt is adapted to continually carry a load between two points.

Belts are the cheapest utility for power transmission between shafts that may not be axially aligned. Power transmission is achieved by specially designed belts and pulleys. The demands on a belt drive transmission system are large and this has led to many variations on the theme. They run smoothly and with little noise, and cushion motor and bearings against load changes, albeit with less strength than gears or chains. However, improvements in belt engineering allow use of belts in systems that only formerly allowed chains or gears.
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bearing technology - rolling element bearing

A rolling-element bearing is a bearing which carries a load by placing round elements between the two pieces. The relative motion of the pieces causes the round elements to roll with very little rolling resistance and with little sliding.
Most rolling element bearings use cages to keep the balls separate. This reduces wear and friction, since it avoids the balls rubbing against each other as they roll, and precludes them from jamming
Even though some other kind of bearings are better in one or another specific attributes, many people think that it gives a pretty good tradeoff between cost, size, weight, capacity and durability. Therefore, it is one of the most widely used in machinery design
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bearing technology - plain bearing

A plain bearing, also known as a plane bearing, is the simplest type of bearing, comprising just a bearing surface and no rolling elements. Therefore the journal (i.e., the part of the shaft in contact with the bearing) slides over the bearing surface. The simplest example of a plain bearing is a shaft rotating in a hole. A simple linear bearing can be a pair of flat surfaces designed to allow motion; e.g., a drawer and the slides it rests on or the ways on the bed of a lathe.

Plain bearings, in general, are the least expensive type of bearing. They are also compact, light weight, and have a high load-carrying capacity. Read more

gear technology - harmonic drive

A Harmonic Drive (also known as "Strain Wave Gearing") is a special type of mechanical gear system that can improve certain characteristics compared to traditional gearing systems (such as Helical Gears or Planetary Gears). Basically it uses the flexibility of metal as the main component of mechanism

The mechanism is comprised of three components:
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gear technology - epicyclic/ planetary

Epicyclic gearing or planetary gearing is a gear system consisting of one or more outer gears, or planet gears, revolving about a central, orsun gear. Typically, the planet gears are mounted on a movable arm or carrier which itself may rotate relative to the sun gear. Epicyclic gearing systems also incorporate the use of an outer ring gear or annulus, which meshes with the planet gears.

The axes of all gears are usually parallel and what's more is that the sun, planet carrier and annulus axes are usually concentric
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belt drive technology - design and usage guideline

Unlike many old machines that employs gears for transmission method, Newer machines began to grow fond using belt drive, since it's cheaper, offers safety (belts will break on overload, unlike gears that take everything down with it) , easier to apply and it's easier for maintenance. One thing that we might forgot to highlight is that the belt drive efficiency actually depends a lot in heat factor.

Lifetime and performance in timing belts are greatly affected by the type of reinforcement employed. This internal component largely determines belt strength (modulus), creep, flex fatigue, and length variability (caused by humidity and temperature variation). Even though timing belt drives are generally considered to be very efficient, the operating temperatures they are exposed to can have a significant effect. Elastomers that run well hot will generally become much stiffer at low temperatures. This reduces drive efficiency as more energy is required to bend the belt around the pulleys. Elastomers that flex at lower temperatures are available, but they often wear too quickly at mid-range and elevated temperatures.
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gear technology - basic gear types

I believe almost every machinist or engineer had dealt with gears. Gear are of the workhorses of motion control systems. They can turn RPMs into muscle for a conveyor belt moving heavy boxes or convert the torque of a wind turbine into sufficient speed to drive a generator. They can completely change the direction of motion. The technology is powerful, with sufficient options to satisfy virtually every occasion - when used properly, that is. There's so much types of gear, and each have its own advantages as well as disadvantages. Let's take a look at the basic types,  the one that is used as basic for another gear-arrangements or design modification

Gear is a mechanical device that transfers power from one element to another in a system. We define the gear ratio G for two gears as the ratio of their diameters, D1 and D2
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screw technology - ballscrew vs. leadscrew

Ballscrews and lead screws are the workhorses of today's motion-centric automation environment. In that light, making the correct choice for an application is extremely important.

Ballscrew technology allows balls to roll between the screw shaft and the nut to achieve high efficiency, usually above 90%, depending on lead angle. Its required driving torque is only one third of a conventional lead screw. As a result, ballscrews are capable of converting rotational motion to straight motion and vice versa. This screw type is suitable when smooth motion, efficiency, accuracy, and precision are a priority. The rolling elements eliminate sliding friction, so smaller motors can be used to drive ballscrews. And, because rolling motion is easier to control, accuracy and precision are also easier.

Lead screws are different in that there are no recirculating elements, and they are often used for simple transfer applications when speed, accuracy, and precision, are not as critical as rigidity and the load. On a positive note, more surface contact of the threads can make for a higher load rating of the nut over ballscrews. However, their metal-to-metal contact and high friction makes lead screws more suited to applications that do not require prolonged continuous movement or high speed.
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motor technology - IP rating

Choosing a motor for drive in a system is not a hard thing to do as long as you know the specification and the environmental requirement. It means we have to define how bad the working area surrounding the motor, as dust and water are critical for the motor's lifetime.

 The IP Code (or International Protection Rating, sometimes also interpreted as Ingress Protection Rating) consists of the letters IP followed by two digits and an optional letter. As defined ininternational standard IEC 60529:

The first digit indicates degree of protection provided by the enclosure with respect to persons and solid foreign objects entering the enclosure;
The second digit indicates degree of protection provided by the enclosure with respect to harmful water ingress.

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spindle technology - spindle design

A high speed spindle that will be used in a metal cutting machine tool must be designed to provide the required performance features. The major performance features include:
~ Desired Spindle Power, Peak and Continuous
~ Maximum Spindle Load, Axial and Radial
~ Maximum Spindle Speed Allowed
~ Tooling Style, Size and Capacity for ATC

High Speed Spindle Design Major Checklist 
The major components required for a high speed milling spindle design include:
* Spindle Style;   Belt Driven or Integral Motor-Spindle
* Spindle Bearings;   Type, Quantity, Mounting, and Lubrication Method
* Spindle Motor;   Belt-Type, Motor-Spindle, Capacity, Size
* Spindle Shaft;   Including Tool Retention Drawbar and Tooling System Used
* Spindle Housing;   Size, Mounting Style, Capacity

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standard components

A machine consists of hundreds of components. Each one must carry on its job in order for the machine to work perfectly. Every parts receives different function, load, and friction. This is what causes every component have different lifespan measured in working hour. When it's lifespan is over, it must be replaced with the same type of component. To ease yourself when designing machine as well as ease the maintenance team's work, we can use standard parts.

Since we are using standard parts, they tend to be produced in large quantity, its quality are standardized, measured and it's up to the design team to utilize them

The more standard parts you can use, the better and easier the designer's work be. Here's some component library we can use :
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